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Up and Over:
Cultivation and Rupture in the Photographs of Paul Schonberger ¡°...such the hideousness of his bald head with its sprinkling of beggarly hairs¡± - Seneca1 ¡°...baldness gave him much uneasiness...he therefore used to bring forward the hair from the crown of his head¡± - Suetonius2 This series of photographs by Paul Schonberger, captured during successive trips to Japan, Korea, China and Singapore in 2009/10, are studies in jouissance. Although we might conceive of them as exercises in contemporary verité portraiture, or urban guerilla photography, evoking an uneasy mix of voyeurism and schadenfreude in the viewer due to the intimately personal nature of their subject matter (namely their unflinching focus on male baldness), they are simultaneously a blissful celebration of life and an expression of radical resistance for the artist. And, whilst they may resonate with the current hipster fascination with the hairstyles represented, these photographs are infinitely more challenging than the fickle ironies of Generation Y. In modern society, the male practice of disguising baldness by the cultivation of longer strands of hair, which are then carefully positioned over the area of phalacrosis, is a common sight. In fact, the phenomenon of what is colloquially referred as a combover in the Anglophone world definitely resonates through-out other vastly different cultures, with the Japanese using their own terms 'bah-kohdo kami' (¡°barcode hair¡± or simply 'bar code') and 'shichisan' or 'seven three' (seven hairs on the top of the scalp and three down the side); and the Koreans using the remarkably similar term 'eight two' to refer to the relative portions comprising the coiffure. And, although we tend to envisage the combover as a relatively recent phenomenon, both as an object of ridicule and a signifier of shame, it's place in the cultural imagination has a long history. A contemporary of the Roman Emperor Caligula, the Stoic philosopher Seneca viscously caricatures one of the most infamous rulers of the Classical Age with his depiction of the practice as an object of ridicule. Similarly, in his Lives of the Twelve Caesars (written in 121 C.E.), Classical historian Suetonius reports that Julius Caeser's habit of sporting a combover resulted from embarrassment, stating that: ¡°his baldness gave him much uneasiness, having often found himself upon that account exposed to the jibes of his enemies.¡±3 Despite their age, these ancient descriptions of the combover retain their significance today. Comic and tragic, the object of derision and a manifestation of denial, the combover in contemporary popular culture is equally charged at a discursive level. A simple search for the term in YouTube produces over 4,000 user-submitted videos parodying the style with the self-assured conceit of youthful confidence and cruelty. Superficially, Schonberger's portraits reinforce this view, with their austere, almost brutal representation, where slabs of hair are seen forced into seemingly unnatural angles, the camera's focus tight on their subject at centre-frame, with the landscape of the bustling city blurred in the background and the margins, forcing us to face a grotesque manifestation of human preening. But their deeper resonance is of a self-critical order. By forcing us to engage with the extremes of the combover in such a stark and tragic way, Schonberger is engaged in a more profound process of Brechtian verfremdungseffekt,4 the ¡°alienation effect¡± used so viscously by the Wiemar playwright to force audiences to consciously reflect upon their contemporaneity with dynamic perception. Furthermore, these portraits can be seen as manifestations of the carnivalesque: physical ruptures in the established social order, which Russian semiotician, Mikail Bakhtin characterised as harbingers of radical thought and action typified by the ¡°suspension of all hierarchical precedence.5¡± With these two framing devices—the cultivation of critical perception, and the rupture of the grotesque into ordered life—we have the essence of Schonberger's work. As a means of masking hair loss through grooming, the combover is a hairstyle so familiar to us in our negotiations through everyday life that we barely register it's existence as peculiar in any way other than to simply acknowledge its presence in the world. It is ubiquitous. Rarely do we even perceive that the combover is a social response to a biological process. A uniquely human attempt to mask the natural world via culturally mediated affectation, where the physical absence of hair is supplanted by its symbolic restoration. It is only through its semiotic function as a sign of absence and folly that its meaning resonates, that it functions as a comic phenomenon. The 20th century French phenomenologist, Henri Bergson muses that it is the failure of the masquerade that circumscribes the style, prompting our mirth. In his work Laughter: An Essay on the Meaning of the Comic, Bergson observes that ¡°the notion of disguise has passed on something of its comic quality to instances in which there is actually no disguise.¡±6 In the case of the combover, we have a classic example of the comic which Bergson typifies as ¡°appearance seeking to triumph over reality.¡± However, there is a deeper level of conceit in this process of signification, a solipsism of 'common sense' where cultural perception is confused with objective reason, or prejudice, as Schonberger himself describes it, displaces an emergent 'thing-in-itself'. Bergson argues that by reversing the power dynamics inherent in this structure we are able to lift ¡°the outer crust of carefully stratified judgements and firmly established ideas,¡± and where the barcode style asserts its transgressive potential. By our laughter, the joke is on us. And it is this reversal of domination where Paul Schonberger's portraits erupt into our perception as a joyful celebration of the monstrous in us all. 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